The ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping and the ASMEBoiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, NuclearComponents, Subsections NC and ND piping rulesrequire the use of stress intensification factors (SIFs ori-factors) and flexibility factors (k-factors) when checkingthe adequacy of components and joints (welded andnonwelded) in piping subject to various loads, includingcyclic loads, that may produce fatigue failures.